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Do you speak Latin? If the respond is no, you lot may have problem with some Latin abbreviations, such every bit i.e., east.m., or et al. Let'southward focus on ane of these: et al. You may take seen it, but information technology's fourth dimension to find out what et al. means and how to use it.

Et al. is an abbreviation for et alia (neuter plural). But information technology can too be an abbreviation for et alii (masculine plural), or et aliae (feminine plural). This phrase ways "and others." Most commonly, et al. indicates other contributors (authors, editors, etc.) in a bibliographic listing, such equally "Feynman, Hawking, Sagan, et al." There should always be a period subsequently et al. to show information technology is an abbreviation.

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Imagine that yous and a grouping of friends decide to publish some anecdotes from your most recent trip to Las Vegas. If y'all take ten members in your travel club, you tin can imagine that listing all of them on the comprehend of a book might await a little cluttered. To avoid a lengthy listing, you lot can use the abbreviation et al. after the first proper name. Et al. indicates that 2 or more than other authors collaborated in the piece of work. Are there synonyms of et al.? Aye. According to The Cambridge Dictionary, also, extra, and in addition are synonyms with similar meanings to et al.

How to Use Et Al.

Why is there a period afterward the "al" of "et al.?" Call up, al. is short for alia and its various forms. The period indicates that it is an abbreviation. On the other hand, et is the full form of the Latin give-and-take meaning "and," so no period is necessary afterward that discussion. Despite its Latin origins, y'all don't need italics when et al. is part of a list. After all, information technology has been a office of the English language linguistic communication since the 1800s.

What about et al. in a sentence? How do you punctuate it? Just write the sentence as you normally would. Besides the catamenia, et al. doesn't require any special punctuation. Nonetheless, if y'all are writing a term paper, there are some usage rules you should know for in-text citations. Let'south consult the APA Style Weblog:

Don't use et al. unless in that location are more than ii authors.
For references with three to five authors, list all the authors in the commencement citation of the work, but abbreviate using the name of the first author and et al. for any additional citations of the same work.
For references with more than half dozen authors, cite using the first writer's proper name plus et al. for all of the in-text citations.

Et Al. vs. Etc.—What's the Difference?

What's the deviation betwixt et al. and etc.? Whereas etc. refers to a list of things, et al. refers to a list of people. Etc. is mutual in formal and informal writing. You volition most often see et al. in bibliographic lists.

Etc. is short for "et cetera," which is a Latin phrase that ways "and the remainder." Apply etc. when y'all're writing a list of things:

Et Al. Examples

When people cite the work of you and your friends, they would likely use et al., especially in formal writing such as term papers and on works cited pages. Hither are two examples, ane in-text mention of a publication and some other from a works cited folio:

In the kickoff instance, the writer uses parenthetical notations to refer to materials that he used as references. His first resource was a research written report published by seven contributors. Rather than list anybody, he credits his source by using the proper noun of the principal investigator, James S. Coleman. The second et al. example shows how a publication with multiple editors would appear in a bibliography.

Et Alibi—The Other Et Al.

Et al. is also short for a less frequently used Latin phrase, et excuse. Can yous gauge the meaning of et alibi? An alibi is a piece of evidence that shows a suspect of a crime was elsewhere when the offense happened. And then, it's not hard to remember that et alibi ways "and elsewhere." Mainly, et alibi refers to other locations that will non appear in a listing. Consider the following example from a Greek grammar guide past William Trollope. He uses et excuse to signal that the Greek phrase under consideration appears not just in the sixth chapter of Marking but also in other locations of the Bible.

Isn't it great news that y'all and your friends can publish tales of your vacation together without filling the cover with a comprehensive list of names? Y'all can utilise et al. to admit numerous authors. And if yous begin talking nearly dissimilar locations, the listing of casinos and hotels demand not be exhaustive. You tin can also let your readers know about the being of other places with et al. And so again, practice you really desire to allow the globe know what happened in Las Vegas?